Solo keris for comment.

[A. G. Maisey]

The first image is from the Candi Sukuh site.

Candi Sukuh is a 15th century sacred site that has been reliably dated to around 1437AD.

"Gapura buta mangan wong", the accepted reading of the chronogram giving the related date is 9531 = 1359 Saka or 1437AD.


The second image is from Candi Penataran, an East Javanese temple complex constructed between the 12th and 15th century, with one reliable date of 1369AD. Candi Penataran was visited regularly by the Majapahit ruling hierarchy.


The Kingdom of Majapahit was established in 1293 by Raden Wijaya. It began to decline following the death of Hayam Wuruk in 1389; the Kingdom finally collapsed some time between 1478 and 1525.


The Kingdom of Majapahit lasted for about 200 years.


Both Candi Sukuh and Candi Penataran were active sacred sites during the Majapahit era.


Please take note of the keris scabbards shown in the carvings below.

As an after thought, I probably should add this comment:-

belief in the nature of the keris has varied throughout the period of its existence, and is also dependent upon the geographic location of the followers of that belief, and of the philosophical orientation of those believers, thus, if we are to specify the nature of the keris we need to also specify the limiting parameters of that nature.

[David]

Thanks Alan. I would say that the sheath in the first image, if the order hasn't reversed on my screen, has many attributes of a ladrang form.
I cannot really tell as much from the second image except to say it does not look like walikat to my eyes.

[A. G. Maisey]

The second image is pretty poor, it is an old 35mm photo that I digitised. What struck me about it when I saw the carving is that it is to all intents and purposes what we would now recognise as a Bugis keris.

The Candi Sukuh wrongko has been copied in recent wronkos a number of times, but it does definitely look like a ladrangan form. In the photo its not all that clear, but when you look closely at the actual carving, the hilt seems to closely resemble a Bugis style rather than any Javanese style.

We do tend to think of Solo and Jogja styles when we think of gayaman or ladrangan, but it is as well to bear in mind that other areas also have their own formal and non-formal styles.

[David]

Thanks for the clarifications Alan. Yes, my first impression of the second photo was that it reminded me of the Bugis form, but i didn't want to comment on an image that i found hard to decipher like that.
Do we have any photographic evidence of early Jawa/Bali/Madura sheaths that might exist in European collections that were gathered in late Mojophahit times? Off the top of my head the oldest sheath i can recall seeing from this area (and i am not sure that it's exact origins have ever been determined, is it Bali or Jawa?) is the "Sendai keris" which we can at least date to somewhere around 1600 or perhaps a bit earlier. That sheath has some similarities to what we consider walikat while also displaying flourishes of the more formal ladrangan form on the front side.
Unfortunately most sheaths of such antiquity have not survived over time.

[A. G. Maisey]

Niccolo de Conti probably reached parts of S.E. Asia in the early 1400's

In the late 1500's an Englishman named Fitch reached Malacca.

The Portuguese reached Malacca in 1511, and a year later reached Jawa and some of the other islands that now make up Indonesia.

It was not until the 1600's that there was any serious European contact with S.E Asia, and particularly with Jawa.

European contact with Jawa was initially with the trading enclaves along the North Coast, all of which were strongly influenced by Islamic style long before the European contact.

During the Majapahit era the merchants in these Islamic enclaves adopted much of the style of Majapahit, however, they adopted the style in an absence of understanding content, so when the keris became a profane object it acquired a nature that was shaped by a different ethic to that which applied within the Majapahit court.

The earliest keris held in European collections all date from this time, and most do not have any scabbard or part of a scabbard. No keris scabbards exist which date from the time of Majapahit, our only guide is the representations of scabbards found in monumental carvings.

However, bearing in mind the massive migration of people from East Jawa to Bali, both before and after the final collapse of Majapahit, together with the active rejection by Balinese rulers of contact with Jawa, following the dominance of Islam in Jawa, I believe it is reasonable to look at Balinese styles of keris scabbard and use those as a guide to the probable form of pre-Islamic Javanese keris scabbards.

I do not believe that there is any evidence that the flamboyant styles of the Central Javanese scabbard originated during the Second Mataram Era, but there is strong circumstantial evidence that these styles did develop (as distinct from originate) during this period.

From the time of Sutawijaya (Panembahan Senopati) the House of Mataram was very actively engaged in trying to validate their claim to kingship, and much of the style of Modern Jawa was shaped by these actions, for instance, the development of the Modern Javanese language and the extreme nature of Javanese societal hierarchy can probably be attributed to the early rulers of the House of Mataram trying to elevate themselves above the rest of society.

It is probably reasonable to assume that dress styles were also developed that tended to elevate the people at the top of the societal pyramid, and the keris is an item of dress.

[David]

Thanks Alan. I knew that serious contact from Europe didn't take place until around then, but wasn't sure if there was a possibility that a wrongko from the late Mojopahit might have ended up in European hands. Since we don't have any actual sheaths to judge from it seems that the artistic depiction in old temples is the best we have to go on.
Can you think of any sheaths in collections anywhere that might pre-date the Sendai keris?

[A. G. Maisey]

From memory, no, but I do have notes and records from my examination of the Bargello, Copenhagen and Dresden collections and I could do some comparisons, however, this would take time. Its easy & quick to write from memory, checking things takes a lot longer.