Teodor thank you so much for putting the steam back into this thread!! and for posting a great example of Afghan 'shashka'. These are referred to as 'psuedo shashkas' by Lebedynsky as while they are of the Caucasian shashka form, like guardless Bukharen sabres they are actually are of a separate group.
These hatchet tip blades are cavalry blades of usually latter 18th century and typically were German and East European, actually the influence for the British M1796 pattern swords. Actually Solingen makers were producing these into the 19th century as is shown in illustrations in Gilkerson ("Boarders Away") and similar blades often ended up on cutlass type weapons.
The 'gurda' is simply the Caucasian term used to describe blades made typically in Chechen regions and bearing these dentated arcs commonly referred to as 'sickle marks'. These paired toothed arcs appear to have originated in North Italy (often presumed Genoa, however many locations used them in various forms) then were copied in Styrian regions and later other regions as marks of quality. Like many other such marks they were likely associated with trade guilds, and became signals of quality control because of those associations.
As previously mentioned, blades from Germany as well as from East Europe entered the trade networks and in degree many of these blades were from Caucasian regions, particularly those of Chechnya. Those Khevsur blades with the 'sickle' (gurda) marks lining the blade back were (according to Askhabov) produced in Chechnya in Ataghi, I have seen them as well usually on Khevsur 'pranguli'. Elgood notes that blades with presumably Hungarian origin are termed with reference to 'Magyar' (cant think of the term offhand).
It will be noted that many of the Syrian hilt sabres (Badawi) have blades with Hungarian mottos in Latin, thus I have seen them misidentified as Hungarian hussar sabres through the years.
Clearly these blades entered Arabian markets through Syria, and through there into the Sinai regions via Bedouin trade and interaction.
Actually the forum itself contains many threads and references which in effect is very much a library, and can be utilized best by using the search feature using key words. In any case, asking the questions here always gives us the opportunity to bolster the ever growing archives here and often add to those many years of threads with valuable data.
Always learning together!!!!
All the best,
Jim