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Old 4th April 2019, 06:35 PM   #32
Edster
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Join Date: Oct 2010
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In line with Iain's comment, here's an excellent reference in West African hajj.

"The Hajj From West Africa From a Global Historical Perspective (19th and 20th Centuries)." African Diaspora 5:187-214. 2012.
Baz Lecocq

See pages 191-192 for 20th cent. long cycle pilgrimages w/labor migration and that during the 19th Cent. merchants, the wealthy, etc. were the primary pilgrims.
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