Ethnographic Arms & Armour - View Single Post

tunggulametung · 4th December 2010, 07:14 PM

To enrich our study, I quote below article:
....Drs. Supratikno Rahardjo, M. Hum., UI professor of archeology who is an expert Dvarapala, states, statue of a rod holder that is also known by the name yakshas.....
Full text in bahasa & complete interesting text in the bottom of my post.

And to remind us with good discussion of the past:
link 1
link 2

Highlight on Pak Maisey opinion which I'm agree at this point:
I am of the opinion that the Javanese hilt style that has usually been referred to as the "raksasa" style could more correctly be referred to as the "dvarapala" style.

Moreover not only Java, I think this can be the character we've seen in so many hilts including Pattani, Peninsula Malaysia, Bugis, Sumatra etc. The appearance might change with era and interpretation of the local and artist which differ from one region and another; this might be the answer why we have different styles. Also, we might have different character in this regard, Yaksha and (Yaksha as) Dvarapala.
If Dvarapala or Dharmapala is indeed "evolution" or another name of Yaksha itself in different role (you know how complex they are) then I guess this could really be a good candidate. It is believed that many ancient remain in Java has not been excavated yet, so perhaps in the future if we find the "missing link" statue which share similarities in personality, gesture or mudra we can come into conclusion.

Note: For the case of Central Java, Dvarapala physically seems to be an accepted figure until these 'modern' days even if the meaning and importance might long gone.

Complete text below (credit to google translate):

Rocky dirt road toward the southern slopes of the mountain can actually be crossed by motor vehicles. However, overnight rain made the road slippery and muddy. Forced to proceed on foot. Way more climbing when the destination is approaching. Shortly afterwards, the figure of a stone building looks vague, shrouded in cold fog and trees.

Clearly, the building of the temple. The locals call it Jawarombo Temple, who entered the Village area Mulyoasri, Ampel Gading district, Malang regency, East Java. Building the Hindu-Buddhist relics were discovered in 1983 + population in a state of pent-up soil. The location of the site located at position 8 § 08 '50.9 "South latitude and 112 § 53' 21.05" East Longitude with an altitude above 1,400 m asl.

Dvarapala midget funny nan

This temple stay the shelf (base) square berdenah with size 6 X 6 meters high and 60 cm. On the shelf floor there are four stone base with a hole in the middle to enforce the pole. Perhaps this sacred building using wooden poles with thatched roofs or fibers, since no tile fragments found at the bottom.

Profile of the foot of the temple form a half circle seam and square. The four sides are decorated shelf reliefs depicting lotus (lotus), pilasters, and the cross. On the side of the building was decorated by five lotus, four-cross and 10 pilasters placed criss-cross. Sculptures of human figures depicted on reliefs such as puppets, sculptured style as the temple reliefs the end of Majapahit. This can be seen in buildings on the slopes of Mt Guarantee, in Mojokerto regency, East Java.

Temple Site Jawarombo peak overlooking G. Mahameru aka G. Semeru, the highest mountain in East Java. Temple entrance is on the south by the remnants of a stone arch structure. Ribut Hariyanto, interpreters keep the site shows nowhere near that gate. "This statue was found in a rod holder," he says firmly.

Actually, exhausting climb to the slopes Mahameru only to find out the location of the discovery of a stone statue which holds the mace. Arca had been observed previously in Noise Hariyanto house at the foot of the mountain. Arca findings November 1999 it amounted to two pieces that were a couple. Statue carved in a squatting position with a height of 60 cm.

Supposedly, the image arising from the figure and statue attributes that make people afraid. Head statue wearing a crown with shoulder length hair was twisted backwards. Bulging eyes, open mouth, and ears bersubang. The right hand holds a mace, while a large knife tucked in the waist visible sticking out of the handle. This feature Dvarapala statue, which was made frightening scary.

However, the opposite impression arises after seeing it. Two statues Dvarapala was more like a cute baby is healthy again. Called a baby because of the short round body size. Compare with other Dvarapala statues are generally huge. Gaping mouth which makes the appearance of the statue seemed friendly as well as witty. In short, when looking at his face, a mace and a big knife he assumed was to be more like a toy that is not scary.

Carers sacred building

In any case, Dvarapala is scary figure and looking fierce. Two sharp eyes bulging stare suspiciously at everyone who entered the temple, the holy building. Canine-sharp fangs, typical of a giant, sticking out, it makes people shudder. Moreover, his great height, and some even as high as 3.70 m, such that in Singosari Dvarapala, Malang. Though he was in a squatting position.

Drs. Supratikno Rahardjo, M. Hum., UI professor of archeology who is an expert Dvarapala, states, statue of a rod holder that is also known by the name yakshas. Before the Hindu gods and Buddha emerged in the belief system in India, which is Dvarapala supernatural beings, the Indians revered as the source of life for protecting agriculture. Then after the Pantheon gods appear in the belief system in India, yakshas incorporated into the class one level below the gods.

In the following development, yakshas a companion of the Buddha. He decorated the stupa along with other creatures, such as contained in Bharhut Stupa, India, in the first century AD. While at Sanchi, yakshas as if "protect" and "keep" on top of sacred buildings Torana. Yakshas duty as protector is what later evolved to become Dvarapala.

Dvarapala is being placed at the front door or gate to the temple shrine. He has the power to protect from the attacks of evil forces. Suitable duties, the Dvarapala the keeper of the temple not only portrayed as a hideous creature physical form, but still equipped with various weapons and other attributes. The weapons are assumed to create the impression intentionally scary.

Most Dvarapala is holding a mace. Bat is considered a symbol of destruction, as well as a symbol of strength and power. Also believed, weapons of death serves as a stick of death or punishment. Another attribute is generally a snake or dragon. Two animals were celebrating the life of water (water spirit) that can bring rain. But do not make Dvarapala wrath, as the destroyer of the original character will appear.

Look at the dragon attribute that strapped Dvarapala Plaosan guards in the area of Prambanan, Central Java. The guard was using a rope noose (pasa) in the form of a snake as a weapon to ensnare and capture the enemy, especially the evil creatures. The rope noose in the form of dragon, in iconography of science, called nagapasa.

Another weapon is a machete or knife blade. The weapon symbol of victory over evil creatures. To enhance the dashing and ferocious appearance, the keeper of the temple was still felt the need to equip themselves with brown shoulder, belt, Samur, earrings, necklaces, anklet (binggel), bracelet hand, and a headband to tie curls.

Viewed from the physical form as well as his weapons, it seems clear the destructive nature as a strong feature Dvarapala. However, in conjunction with observance of the function of destructive aspect that should be considered noble. That's because what is considered evil enemies must be destroyed from the outside who are against the teachings of religion. So long as people do not intend evil, guts do not need to sink into the cluster of temples that kept this creepy supernatural creatures.

What parents do not hold cudgel

Rahardjo Supratikno collect data on statues Dvarapala Central Java in the study in 1983, and continued again today. Most are found in the area and Kalasan Prambanan, Yogyakarta, which came from the temples Kalasan, Lara Jonggrang, Granary, Sewu, Asu, Plaosan Lor, Sajiwan, Kalongan. He also compares it with Dvarapala Borobudur which is now in Bangkok, Thailand.

In observations of these statues, Borobudur Dvarapala not considered a high-quality works of art. Sculpture technique is still rough. The weapon is only one, namely the right hand held a dagger. Expression on his face is not scary, even looked "sad" with the mouth that shows expression of calm. Supratikno argues, it might be simple Dvarapala guards nearby Borobudur temple building smaller, but age older than Borobudur temple (expected before the year 770 AD). So instead of Borobudur temple guard, because apparently artists do not need Dvarapala Borobudur. At Borobudur guard function has been replaced by the lions that flank the entrance to the top of the temple.

While Dvarapala Sewu-dvarapala of art shows higher than that of Borobudur. If Dvarapala Borobudur was not wearing a headband and upawita (rope caste), and do not hold a snake and a mace, then Dvarapala Sewu has all the attributes that. Garapannya even more subtle and complicated. Supratikno opinion, Dvarapala Sewu may be made before the year 782 AD

Bernet Kempers in his book Ancient Indonesian Art (1959) had observed a number of sites Dvarapala temples in Central Java and East Java. Four dvarapala found in southern Kalasan, Yogyakarta, measuring 1.90 meters high. Dreads unravel without a headband, right hand holding nagapasa, while the left palm rests on a club down to the ground. Not forgetting a large knife tucked in his waist. Kempers suspect it is the statues guard the entrance Kalasan, but now it is not in place anymore.

Dvarapala located in the vicinity of Temple Singasari in Malang, East Java, according to Kempers, is a giant square guard Singhasari Kingdom (1222-1292). This giant guarding the entrance Palace Singhasari estimated location is not far from Temple Singasari now. Dvarapala Singasari it has a more peaceful character, Kempers said. When in fact the guard expression intended by the artist Java to make it look frightening. His eyebrows arched with bulging eyes. From the curve of his mouth visible fangs, fangs. Left hand leaning on a heavy cudgel decorated with vajra. Snake and skull it bears should make opponents tremble.

Dvarapala from East Java are more varied expression and appearance. Dvarapala statues temple in Blitar Panataran appear to be different. Besides dvarapala squatting, others standing. There is also dvarapala women, even while holding her child. Of course, even though the baby, still looks fierce.

Dvarapala the physical appearance looked grim but calm expression was guided by a philosophy. According Supratikno, dvarapala also plays a role similar to Dharmapala or "protector of dharma," as known in Buddhism in Tibet. As Dharmapala, despite tangible Dvarapala creepy, but his role is not evil. Understanding that apparently inspired the artists of Java to describe these creatures are not too scary. Note the mouth, oral expression is often described as a "smile".

Prime minister

A pair of tiny Dvarapala from the south slope of Mt Semeru only a year ago revealed people. After hundreds of years of maintaining the sanctity G. Semeru and buildings of worship that is on its slopes, now dvarapala was slumped in a cramped space home residents. His job otherwise complete. Evidently, there is no effort to restore its position as the keeper of the temple in G. Semeru.

Unfortunate fate of not just overwrite Dvarapala G. Semeru it. Dvarapala-dvarapala experienced similar fate. Dvarapala down rank. When they used to be guardians of the sacred buildings and Buddha's companion, now Dvarapala many installed in hotels, offices, and even a private mansion. Whatever the name, whether Thotok Kerot in East Java or Reco Gupolo in Prambanan and the surrounding areas. Now, it seems dvarapala has lost meaning.

4th December 2010, 07:14 PM	#19
tunggulametung Member Join Date: Jan 2007 Posts: 238	To enrich our study, I quote below article: ....Drs. Supratikno Rahardjo, M. Hum., UI professor of archeology who is an expert Dvarapala, states, statue of a rod holder that is also known by the name yakshas..... Full text in bahasa & complete interesting text in the bottom of my post. And to remind us with good discussion of the past: link 1 link 2 Highlight on Pak Maisey opinion which I'm agree at this point: I am of the opinion that the Javanese hilt style that has usually been referred to as the "raksasa" style could more correctly be referred to as the "dvarapala" style. Moreover not only Java, I think this can be the character we've seen in so many hilts including Pattani, Peninsula Malaysia, Bugis, Sumatra etc. The appearance might change with era and interpretation of the local and artist which differ from one region and another; this might be the answer why we have different styles. Also, we might have different character in this regard, Yaksha and (Yaksha as) Dvarapala. If Dvarapala or Dharmapala is indeed "evolution" or another name of Yaksha itself in different role (you know how complex they are) then I guess this could really be a good candidate. It is believed that many ancient remain in Java has not been excavated yet, so perhaps in the future if we find the "missing link" statue which share similarities in personality, gesture or mudra we can come into conclusion. Note: For the case of Central Java, Dvarapala physically seems to be an accepted figure until these 'modern' days even if the meaning and importance might long gone. Complete text below (credit to google translate): Rocky dirt road toward the southern slopes of the mountain can actually be crossed by motor vehicles. However, overnight rain made the road slippery and muddy. Forced to proceed on foot. Way more climbing when the destination is approaching. Shortly afterwards, the figure of a stone building looks vague, shrouded in cold fog and trees. Clearly, the building of the temple. The locals call it Jawarombo Temple, who entered the Village area Mulyoasri, Ampel Gading district, Malang regency, East Java. Building the Hindu-Buddhist relics were discovered in 1983 + population in a state of pent-up soil. The location of the site located at position 8 § 08 '50.9 "South latitude and 112 § 53' 21.05" East Longitude with an altitude above 1,400 m asl. Dvarapala midget funny nan This temple stay the shelf (base) square berdenah with size 6 X 6 meters high and 60 cm. On the shelf floor there are four stone base with a hole in the middle to enforce the pole. Perhaps this sacred building using wooden poles with thatched roofs or fibers, since no tile fragments found at the bottom. Profile of the foot of the temple form a half circle seam and square. The four sides are decorated shelf reliefs depicting lotus (lotus), pilasters, and the cross. On the side of the building was decorated by five lotus, four-cross and 10 pilasters placed criss-cross. Sculptures of human figures depicted on reliefs such as puppets, sculptured style as the temple reliefs the end of Majapahit. This can be seen in buildings on the slopes of Mt Guarantee, in Mojokerto regency, East Java. Temple Site Jawarombo peak overlooking G. Mahameru aka G. Semeru, the highest mountain in East Java. Temple entrance is on the south by the remnants of a stone arch structure. Ribut Hariyanto, interpreters keep the site shows nowhere near that gate. "This statue was found in a rod holder," he says firmly. Actually, exhausting climb to the slopes Mahameru only to find out the location of the discovery of a stone statue which holds the mace. Arca had been observed previously in Noise Hariyanto house at the foot of the mountain. Arca findings November 1999 it amounted to two pieces that were a couple. Statue carved in a squatting position with a height of 60 cm. Supposedly, the image arising from the figure and statue attributes that make people afraid. Head statue wearing a crown with shoulder length hair was twisted backwards. Bulging eyes, open mouth, and ears bersubang. The right hand holds a mace, while a large knife tucked in the waist visible sticking out of the handle. This feature Dvarapala statue, which was made frightening scary. However, the opposite impression arises after seeing it. Two statues Dvarapala was more like a cute baby is healthy again. Called a baby because of the short round body size. Compare with other Dvarapala statues are generally huge. Gaping mouth which makes the appearance of the statue seemed friendly as well as witty. In short, when looking at his face, a mace and a big knife he assumed was to be more like a toy that is not scary. Carers sacred building In any case, Dvarapala is scary figure and looking fierce. Two sharp eyes bulging stare suspiciously at everyone who entered the temple, the holy building. Canine-sharp fangs, typical of a giant, sticking out, it makes people shudder. Moreover, his great height, and some even as high as 3.70 m, such that in Singosari Dvarapala, Malang. Though he was in a squatting position. Drs. Supratikno Rahardjo, M. Hum., UI professor of archeology who is an expert Dvarapala, states, statue of a rod holder that is also known by the name yakshas. Before the Hindu gods and Buddha emerged in the belief system in India, which is Dvarapala supernatural beings, the Indians revered as the source of life for protecting agriculture. Then after the Pantheon gods appear in the belief system in India, yakshas incorporated into the class one level below the gods. In the following development, yakshas a companion of the Buddha. He decorated the stupa along with other creatures, such as contained in Bharhut Stupa, India, in the first century AD. While at Sanchi, yakshas as if "protect" and "keep" on top of sacred buildings Torana. Yakshas duty as protector is what later evolved to become Dvarapala. Dvarapala is being placed at the front door or gate to the temple shrine. He has the power to protect from the attacks of evil forces. Suitable duties, the Dvarapala the keeper of the temple not only portrayed as a hideous creature physical form, but still equipped with various weapons and other attributes. The weapons are assumed to create the impression intentionally scary. Most Dvarapala is holding a mace. Bat is considered a symbol of destruction, as well as a symbol of strength and power. Also believed, weapons of death serves as a stick of death or punishment. Another attribute is generally a snake or dragon. Two animals were celebrating the life of water (water spirit) that can bring rain. But do not make Dvarapala wrath, as the destroyer of the original character will appear. Look at the dragon attribute that strapped Dvarapala Plaosan guards in the area of Prambanan, Central Java. The guard was using a rope noose (pasa) in the form of a snake as a weapon to ensnare and capture the enemy, especially the evil creatures. The rope noose in the form of dragon, in iconography of science, called nagapasa. Another weapon is a machete or knife blade. The weapon symbol of victory over evil creatures. To enhance the dashing and ferocious appearance, the keeper of the temple was still felt the need to equip themselves with brown shoulder, belt, Samur, earrings, necklaces, anklet (binggel), bracelet hand, and a headband to tie curls. Viewed from the physical form as well as his weapons, it seems clear the destructive nature as a strong feature Dvarapala. However, in conjunction with observance of the function of destructive aspect that should be considered noble. That's because what is considered evil enemies must be destroyed from the outside who are against the teachings of religion. So long as people do not intend evil, guts do not need to sink into the cluster of temples that kept this creepy supernatural creatures. What parents do not hold cudgel Rahardjo Supratikno collect data on statues Dvarapala Central Java in the study in 1983, and continued again today. Most are found in the area and Kalasan Prambanan, Yogyakarta, which came from the temples Kalasan, Lara Jonggrang, Granary, Sewu, Asu, Plaosan Lor, Sajiwan, Kalongan. He also compares it with Dvarapala Borobudur which is now in Bangkok, Thailand. In observations of these statues, Borobudur Dvarapala not considered a high-quality works of art. Sculpture technique is still rough. The weapon is only one, namely the right hand held a dagger. Expression on his face is not scary, even looked "sad" with the mouth that shows expression of calm. Supratikno argues, it might be simple Dvarapala guards nearby Borobudur temple building smaller, but age older than Borobudur temple (expected before the year 770 AD). So instead of Borobudur temple guard, because apparently artists do not need Dvarapala Borobudur. At Borobudur guard function has been replaced by the lions that flank the entrance to the top of the temple. While Dvarapala Sewu-dvarapala of art shows higher than that of Borobudur. If Dvarapala Borobudur was not wearing a headband and upawita (rope caste), and do not hold a snake and a mace, then Dvarapala Sewu has all the attributes that. Garapannya even more subtle and complicated. Supratikno opinion, Dvarapala Sewu may be made before the year 782 AD Bernet Kempers in his book Ancient Indonesian Art (1959) had observed a number of sites Dvarapala temples in Central Java and East Java. Four dvarapala found in southern Kalasan, Yogyakarta, measuring 1.90 meters high. Dreads unravel without a headband, right hand holding nagapasa, while the left palm rests on a club down to the ground. Not forgetting a large knife tucked in his waist. Kempers suspect it is the statues guard the entrance Kalasan, but now it is not in place anymore. Dvarapala located in the vicinity of Temple Singasari in Malang, East Java, according to Kempers, is a giant square guard Singhasari Kingdom (1222-1292). This giant guarding the entrance Palace Singhasari estimated location is not far from Temple Singasari now. Dvarapala Singasari it has a more peaceful character, Kempers said. When in fact the guard expression intended by the artist Java to make it look frightening. His eyebrows arched with bulging eyes. From the curve of his mouth visible fangs, fangs. Left hand leaning on a heavy cudgel decorated with vajra. Snake and skull it bears should make opponents tremble. Dvarapala from East Java are more varied expression and appearance. Dvarapala statues temple in Blitar Panataran appear to be different. Besides dvarapala squatting, others standing. There is also dvarapala women, even while holding her child. Of course, even though the baby, still looks fierce. Dvarapala the physical appearance looked grim but calm expression was guided by a philosophy. According Supratikno, dvarapala also plays a role similar to Dharmapala or "protector of dharma," as known in Buddhism in Tibet. As Dharmapala, despite tangible Dvarapala creepy, but his role is not evil. Understanding that apparently inspired the artists of Java to describe these creatures are not too scary. Note the mouth, oral expression is often described as a "smile". Prime minister A pair of tiny Dvarapala from the south slope of Mt Semeru only a year ago revealed people. After hundreds of years of maintaining the sanctity G. Semeru and buildings of worship that is on its slopes, now dvarapala was slumped in a cramped space home residents. His job otherwise complete. Evidently, there is no effort to restore its position as the keeper of the temple in G. Semeru. Unfortunate fate of not just overwrite Dvarapala G. Semeru it. Dvarapala-dvarapala experienced similar fate. Dvarapala down rank. When they used to be guardians of the sacred buildings and Buddha's companion, now Dvarapala many installed in hotels, offices, and even a private mansion. Whatever the name, whether Thotok Kerot in East Java or Reco Gupolo in Prambanan and the surrounding areas. Now, it seems dvarapala has lost meaning.